Banner advertising on the internet

The growth of cyberspace and the internet has not only created a new marketplace for vendors of all sorts where they can sell their items but has also created another area where advertising agencies can market goods.   Cyberspace is an infinite space and for advertisers, this provides infinite â€Å"advertising space† as well.   The only constraints on any person seeking to advertise on the internet are money and well, literally, page space (although some argue that a single page can be expanded into Herculean proportions. Banner advertisements are currently one of the most dominant forms of advertising online.   While banner advertisements were a very effective and useful advertising tool when it first started out due to the high click-through rate (CTR) which was the basis for banner advertisements, these banner advertisements have experienced a decline in popularity because of the loss of its novelty and because of other forms of internet advertising.   This has resulted in the decrease in the banner rates that websites and advertisers charge. It is this decrease in the cost of utilizing banner advertisements which has prompted this study on the effectiveness of banner advertising on the internet.   Before discussing the effectiveness of banners, a brief discussion on the pros and cons of banner advertising is necessary to be able to proper analyze its effectiveness cost-wise and also the market range that it is able to target and the demographics of the captured market. The greatest criticisms against banner advertising arise from the fact that there is no accurate way to measure the effectiveness of the banners in measuring the actual impact on the market or on the web page visitors.   There has been no study which has sufficiently shown the relationship between the advertising exposure and the actual purchasing in relation to the banner advertisements. While there have been proposals to use exposure based metrics or â€Å"impressions†, â€Å"difficulties in measuring online impressions precisely have caused much dissatisfaction among managers, resulting in a reluctance to commit funds to banner advertising (Hoffman and Novak 2000). â€Å"   The current method being employed is the â€Å"click through† method but this has also been discounted as ineffectual because â€Å"click through† merely measures the number of visits one makes and does not really reflect the proportion of visits which translate into final purchases. Another negative aspect of banner advertising is the recent â€Å"banner blindness† which is a usability phenomenon in which a website visitor completely overlooks and ignores any banner styled information (Benway and Lane 1998).   While there are studies to support the fact that this has been caused by the over exposure of website visitors to banners during its peak and thus the unconscious reaction to completely ignore them, this can also be caused by differences between connection speeds and overloaded servers that fail to load the graphics on websites properly. These two aspects are the main arguments against the effectiveness of banner advertising on the internet.   Now that the negative side of this argument has been considered, it is now important to asses the other aspect which are the positive arguments for banner advertising. The positive arguments for banner advertising fall mainly under two categories: cost-effectiveness and access to a larger consumer base.   The cost-effectiveness of banner advertising is based on the recent decrease in the cost of launching a banner campaign on the internet.   Banner advertising presents a relatively acceptable return on investments given the below-average ad rates and above-average response rates of website viewers. Because the internet has huge potential for building customer relationships, measurability and speed, the proposition of paying an adequate fee in return for a great potential benefit and increase in market visibility and profitability means that banner campaigns on the internet present a viable alternative for any company looking to cut down on costs while not necessarily resulting to losses in profit margins. The last factor that must be considered is the overall effectiveness of banners in reaching markets and creating awareness for the particular product or brand that is being advertised.   Recent studies have shown that the more interactivity that is created by the banners, the higher the â€Å"click-through† rates and the deeper the involvement consumers will have with the brand.   Cryptic messages have also been shown to increase click-through by 18% while offering of free goods or services improves click-through significantly.   What these figures and studies show is that banner advertising can be an effective means (cost and market reach) of conducting a successful marketing campaign. In conclusion, while it remains true that there is no efficient method by which to accurately correlate the number of visits or â€Å"click throughs† that a website visitor may have to the increase in sales or market exposure of a certain product, the recent decrease in costs of implementing a banner ad campaign on the internet definitely make it a very interesting alternative to consider.   It must be remembered that there are other methods by which to increase the visibility and appeal of banners to conform to the tastes of website viewers despite the emergence of the â€Å"banner blindness† phenomenon. Given the relatively low cost of launching a banner campaign on the internet, the wide consumer market base that becomes accessible through such medium and the potential benefits of a successful banner campaign, it is therefore highly advisable for any company to engage in banner advertising. References: Benway, P. and Lane, D. â€Å"Banner Blindness: Web Searchers Often Miss Obvious Links,†1998 Hoffman, D. and T. Novak (2000), â€Å"When Exposure-Based Advertising Stops Making Sense (and What CDNOW Did about It),† working paper, Owen Graduate School of Management, Vanderbilt University.   

Undemocratic legislature

In Alaska ;transportation bill, nearly $1 billion went to Alaska, 47th populous state just behind California and Illinois -ultimately eliminated for the bridges, but still got the funding Congress's inability to pass significant legislation regarding issues about which the public Is worried -Congress Is unrepresentative, do not get equal say in government – not satisfied with the outcomes 1 .Ruthless partisan gerrymandering in the House, electoral districts drawn to maximize the probability that the party drawing lines will elect its candidates-? overbore selecting their electors, process reversed -Representatives need to only appeal to the â€Å"base† of their own parties rather than to â€Å"centrist† voters in the middle -Minority parties in gerrymandered districts are Irrelevant to representative 2. Bicameralism, and Veto Points -united States, strongly bicameral legislature: two legislative houses equal in power – Bicameralism Is not necessary to achi eve Preamble e. G.Western Europe -Argument for second house: subordination of strictly â€Å"majorities broader constituency base to support legislation Consensually, broad participation in overspent and broad agreement on polices -Defend for the upper house: longer terms allow a valuable corrective to the responsiveness of member of the lower house to the passions of the moment because of their fear of losing votes in imminent election Also greater population represented, decision is less parochial – But: harder to pass legislation, two bodies rather than one agree on legislation-? prevents bad and also good legislation 3.President Veto Power Trilateral system-?president has a constitutionally assigned veto power ;A threat forcing congress to modify legislation before it is presented to the president -More Han 95 percent of all presidential vetoes are successful -Some of bills may be passed with the hope of a veto, officials depend on other institutions to take the heat for blocking legislation supported by a local constituency -Original intention: president should veto those raised constitutional questions, but now Just veto on any grounds he sees fit e. . Ford, 75 percent veto ;Pocket veto power of the president: simply place a bill in the days immediately prior to its adjournment in his pocket, secure in the knowledge that it will not become law without his signature-?simply do nothing, still veto -President becomes a one-person hired legislative chamber -Argue: President represents the entire American people, single member takes a national perspective, but there are presidents not receiving popular votes, not correlated with the capture of the congress by the political opposition 4.Illegitimate Senate Two senators from each state, each senator having one vote Seven smallest states have same power as seven largest states, excess of power-? unequal representation California seventy times less than Wyoming Impacts: -Senate can exercise a veto power o n majorities legislation passed by the House hat is too costly to the interests of small states, which are overrepresented in the senate-?too many veto points can block the wishes of an energize majority – Government will systematically redistribute income from large states to small states – Racial minorities a voice in federal lawmaking process that is disproportionately small relative to their numbers Filibuster: 41 -senator minority to block legislation, the participants may disproportionately from small states -Small-state senators greater incentives to concentrate on a few issues central to constituents, tend to seek assignment to committees that help them obtain particularize benefits for their constituents.Also spend less time on constituency contact, less time raising campaign funds, more likely to become party leaders -Coalition leaders have incentives to seek out senators from less populous states to build winning coalitions -?small states advantage enjoying benefits, especially with guarantee that all states given a minimum of funds regardless of population -Steady redistribution of resources from large to small states E. G. Implementation voting power of the mentors: 52-48 confirmation of Clarence Thomas to become lifelong Justice of supreme court, voting against from state 52 percent of the population -Defeats the idea that the majority of the people rule-?68 years, notional â€Å"majority party' in control of the senate was elected from states with less than a majority of the population -Framers did not expect the country expanded so fast, senators were expected as independent 5. Divided government: how separate do we want our institutions to be?Importance of political parties in our political system Modern political parties and the divided institutional structure of government has robbers Divided government: One party controlled the White House while the other party controlled at least one house, and quite possibly both houses of the congress Conduits: Constitution discourages effective government -Frequency of election of house impairs the achievement of a strong consensus among president, house and senate as to what the country wants -Many problems derived from presidential veto power, if not, disputes would solved within congress, veto power creates three institutions -Extending the terms in house to four years, presidential election years, fewer divided governments Ineligibility Clause: No person can serve in the executive and legislative branches at the same time-? safeguard against corruption of the legislature, legislators may create unnecessary offices for them to fill But: -Broaden the range of talent available to president when he assembles his administration -Authors of law invited to take responsibility for their execution 6.

Can The War Be Justified History Essay

Can The War Be Justified History Essay The Cambodia-Vietnamese War was a series of conflicts involving various nations such as Cambodia, Vietnam, Hanoi, China and the United States of America. It was a conflict that flourished from border disputes between Cambodia and Vietnam. Minute aspects that contributed to this controversy stretched as far back as the 14th Century, when the Khmer Empire declined and when Khmers and Vietnamese dealt with an uneasy integration in an atmosphere of suppressed mistrust. The formlessness of the conflicts has made it difficult to identify the time frame unerringly but has been gauged that it occurred between 1975 and 1989. However, the war’s foremost conflict was the Cambodian Incursion by the Vietnamese in 1978. It is debatable to affirm if this controversy can be justified accordingly. By examining the manifold of causes and effects of the conflict with close study to the Just War Theory to substantiate my view, I will elaborate on why I think that a form of equilibrium has been e stablished of the war in terms of being unjust or otherwise. Vietnam possessed no precise or pertinent reason to invade Cambodia. Emory Swank, the U.S. Ambassador to Cambodia came to a conclusion that â€Å"The war is losing more and more of its point and has less and less meaning for any of the parties concerned.† (Schanberg and Pran 11). This is relative to the border disputes because of the U.S. involvement in providing military assistance for General Marshal Lon Nol, who overthrew Sihanouk in 1970, in Cambodia during the war. However, the Just War theory criteria, Jus ad bellum, states that a party must possess the right intention to go to war, and in turn will be granted the right to go to war (Just War Theory,  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). Cambodia and Vietnam’s feeble relationship fortified in 1965 when Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia, despite mistrusting the Vietnamese, allowed North Vietnamese Communists to â€Å"establish ‘sanctuarie s† inside the borders of Cambodia (Schanberg and Pran 11). After North and South Vietnam signed an agreement in Paris on January 27th 1973, Cambodian communists were left to stand alone. This being the basis of the international relationship provoked many controversies, but never provided Vietnam with a commensurable rationale to invade Cambodia. The invasion into Cambodia by the Vietnamese was a disproportionate response to the 2-year long border dispute between the two countries. According to Jus ad bellum, the â€Å"goal attained should be in proportion to the offence† (Just War Theory,  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy). However, over two million lives were at the expense of â€Å"settling disputes† between two countries. It is impossible for Vietnam’s eventual goal to measure up and find equilibrium with the execution of over two million inhabitants. The invasion failed to ameliorate, furthermore prevent more evil than it caused. According to statistics, a larger amount of people were directly affected by the invasion and massacre rather than the series of border conflicts. Thus, the invasion failed to prevent more human suffering than it caused. According to the theory, â€Å"the means used to fight must be in proportion to the wrong to be righted†. (Just War Theory,  The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) However, the lives of a massive number of people were at the expense of the Vietnamese invasion, therefore, with humanity at stake, the goal cannot be compared to the evil committed in this incursion.

Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Research paper - Essay Example In addition, the course has helped to ward off my ignorance about the environment, culture, geopolitics, oil, Islam, conflict and war in the Middle East region. From the course, I learned the importance of global significance of the Middle East to the entire world. The Arab world has a significant value at political, cultural, economic, and religious levels domestically, regionally and internationally. The significance of religion in the region centers on the fact that it is perceived to be the original place of single or monotheistic Islam (Mohamed n.d). There is changing nature of geopolitics in the Middle East or Arab world in the sense that the impact of Iranian and Turkish rapprochement will make the Middle East nations to experience pressure from Iran and worsen the situation in Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria. These complexities and pressure may have been exacerbated by the U.S president’s recent moves. Combined, the nightmare in the Middle East has been redoubled. The United Arabs Emirates, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia form an effective political bloc in the Middle East. These countries would soon come up with a single currency for the Gulf countries thus isolating certain Middle East countries such as Iran, Palestine, and Kuwait. Israel has isolated itself and formed a formidable relation with the U.S. For instance, I learned that currently, both Israel and the U.S. clearly expressed their goal to control their competitors economically throughout the next 10 years. Furthermore, California is currently a laboratory for energy research and development led by Israel such as the Bright source Company energy. It is vital to note that the U.S. support to Israel is destroying the country. The U.S. is been supporting Israel financially when its own internal economy is weak or struggling (Wright 78). Issues and problems in the Middle East The main issues and problems in the Middle East are the water crisis, war or conflict and dictatorship. In countries of Middle E ast, water shortage is a common problem. For example, in Jordan ‘the drying of streams has led to the lowering of water levels across the country. The water scarcity or shortage in the Middle East has been attributed to the extremely dry climate and the rapid economic development of the country supported the increase of population, which, in its turn, led to the increase of need for water (Wright 89). Water has an additional economic aspect in countries that have scarce water resources. Due to this, the Arab world or Middle East import water for both agricultural and domestic use. This is costly because under certain circumstances, the needs surpass the availability of the resources. The above issue is of critical importance if taking into consideration the fact that the needs for water tend to be increased in countries where the rate of increase of population is high; in Middle East countries such trends have been reported the last decade. For example, the population of Abu D habi ‘has been increased with an annual rate of 6.5% since 1975. In addition, in Jordan, a key member of the Arab league or Middle East, the needs for water supply are expected continuously increase for the next 27 years. The crisis of water in the Arab world or Middle East has been worsened by the deteriorating quality of water in recent years. The utilization of water for industrial, agricultural,

Technology and Management Functions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology and Management Functions - Essay Example It has boosted productivity by enabling employees to access the tools they need to carry out their functions from nearly any location; and to learn about developments with the company's products and services tight from their desktops. Technology has transformed administrative tasks for which employees used to rely on others into routine self service operations that take only a fraction of the time. It has also facilitated a convergence and coordination of business data systems from disparate areas that has given rise to new possibilities for customer facing services. Finally, it has freed employees from the tether of an office and enabled them to access virtually all of their productivity tools from anywhere they happen to be. On the other hand, the company's conversion of its business systems from PeopleSoft to SAP has not gone smoothly. SAP implementation has been plagued with difficulties that have resulted in tremendous frustration both internally and externally. This adoption of new technology, which was designed to improve business over the long run, has - in the short run -made it difficult to facilitate many types of customer transactions. This situation illustrates that technology has the potential to put up obstacles as well as knock them down. Product Development The first area in which technology has improved business at Lexis Publishing is product development. Technology has transformed the essence of the company's product offering from print to online media. Online delivery has enabled users of the information to more quickly and precisely access what they need. It also opens up countless possibilities for product development, through searching and user interface enhancements. In fact, the company has a new release of its online search engine every month that features numerous usability and content improvements and enhancements. Productivity Employee productivity is one of the most important concerns when it comes to business improvement. Technology has enabled companies to grow productivity tremendously by equipping employees with portable office capabilities and self service administrative functioning. This has improved employee relations by striking a balance between squeezing more productivity out of employees and allowing them greater mobility and freedom than they previously had. As David Parlby, workforce solutions lead partner at KPMG asserts, there are two key ways technology has been leveraged by management to facilitate improved relations via employers and employees. "First, connectivity - allowing employees to gain access to corporate data and to connect with their colleagues, customers, suppliers and partners wherever they are. And secondly through well- designed applications, allowing employees to carry out administrative tasks and business processes themselves, without the intervention of administrative st aff" (Wylie, 2002, para. 6). At Lexis Publishing, this has been accomplished by equipping all employees with wireless-ready laptop computers and Blackberries, setting up intranet tools that make reporting easier and quicker, and electronically disseminating career and professional development information and job postings. Webex meetings and eLearning tools have become commonplace. Today, employees increasingly have the freedom to work from

Mangment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mangment - Essay Example Weaknesses come in terms of addressing customer complaints. As indicated in Customer Service Ratings, the organization’s diverse customers were reported to relay poor customer service because of incidences of late deliveries, high prices and difficulty to access corporate personnel to address their inquiries and complains (Customer Service Ratings, 2011). In examining the external environment, there are opportunities to improve service through intensifying security measures during transport deliveries of packages through state-of-the art technologies (DHL: High Value, par. 9). Finally, threats faced by DHL come in terms of increased competition from FedEx, UPS and other global express transport and logistics organizations. a) Statement describing one of the business’s current strategies DHL’s current strategies focus on enhancing the competitive advantage of the corporation through providing incentives to personnel and by employing â€Å"cross-functional teams a round the world to plan, design, and manage facilities† (FAI, par. 4). b) Goal for the business to achieve in 2 years Consistent with the mission of the organization to the be leader in the logistics the world over, the goal is to strategically position its growth in emerging markets to sustain in market leadership.

Final Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Final - Term Paper Example However, majority people assume that a single male who is the main source of income, earn more than enough to support himself and his family. There was not at all a mutual agreement on in what ways a living wage can be define, however, there were number of administrative bodies and governments who take initiative in taking up the mission of developing multifaceted formulas (David, pp. 6-11) In modern times, this phrase living wage has reoccurred in United States of America. In the period of early 90s, focus was given more on jobs with low wage. Protesters in Baltimore, Maryland suppress their government to look for a policy tool so that their problems can have proper solution. The city then passed an ordinance known as living wage ordinance according to which any firm which hires workers must pay their employees or workers a good living wage. The idea was spread quickly in every part of the country. Today, after approximately seventeen years later, in 140 cities, multiple countries a nd countless universities this living wage ordinance is implemented. ... After some calculations, it is anticipated that more or less one-fifth of the entire population of the world are suffering from lack of adequate shelter, on the other hand, approximately a million or more people, mostly children, die every day due to lack of proper housing majority of which are targeted in developing world. There were many scholars who argue that it is quite complicated to make standardized criteria for sufficient housing in this entire world but there are some general norms which are: authorized security of residence, availability of infrastructure and services, accessibility, habitability, affordability, cultural and location adequacy. The rapid expansion and development in many cities go along with speedy increase in the total number of urban residents who reside in overcrowded and sub-standard conditions. The statistics of developing countries illustrate that town inhabitants represent approximately an average of twenty five to sixty percent of the population in urban areas. The current situation shows that the estimated percentage of urban population who lives in intense poverty is more than fifty percent; however, this may rise to almost seventy nine percent in most of the cities. More than one billion of urban dwellers are included in urban poor, whereas low income groups consist of approximately half of the existing urban population (Moser & Satterthwaite, 1985). Over the past three eras, there were many programs of official housing started in developing countries were unsuccessful in order to reach significant segments of the group, particularly households which are below twenty to thirty percent of the entire population. The

Andrew Johnsons Impeachment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Andrew Johnsons Impeachment - Essay Example His war against the Negro doesn't end there. In an act of pure bigotry, he has allowed a Southern radical group, named the Ku Klux Klan, to rape, beat, and lynch Negro men and women. Also, he has vetoed every single bill regarding civil rights for these disadvantaged people, whose only crime is he wear dark skin. For the white rebels, they are treated like kings! The President has pardoned many of the top Confederate officers and generals, allow former Confederate soldiers to vote without fully pledging allegiance to the Union, and other senseless acts. Now to top it off, the President blatantly and willfully broke the Tenure of Office Law, which requires all the President's cabinet members to be approved by a majority vote of Congress before they serve. My fellow Congressman, this is the straw that breaks the camel's back! I urge you to stand with me to impeach President Johnson, before he hand over the keys to the Union to those unremorseful, troublemaking rebels!

The Importance of Safety and Security in Private Business Research Paper

The Importance of Safety and Security in Private Business - Research Paper Example Security concerns associated to criminalities and terrorism must be dealt in coordination and collaboration with police authorities and with the local government where a company is operating (Krieger & Meierrieks, 2008). Open collaboration with the police enforcement will augment business internal security problem by being updated on domestic security threats and by installing security cameras within the establishment to monitor the movement of customers within the company (Krieger & Meierrieks, 2008). Hiring security personnel will also help manage, monitor and prevent the potential security risks that may come in. Part of the corporate contingency would be to equip its human resources of knowledge on how to respond in case of terrorism or in the case of criminal intrusion within the vicinity (Krieger & Meierrieks, 2008). They should also be educated on how to be resilient and to be able to provide first aid medication in cases when staff is wounded or become the subject of a sad cr itical condition. As most companies use information technology for business competitive leveraging and to interact with customers or potential business partners, it’s essential that the management must have deep knowledge of the asymmetrical threat posed by cyber-attacks and the inherent vulnerabilities of cyberspace (from security risk) (Petrescu & Popescu, 2011). The company must have high-security measures for its web-based database and its IT experts must at all times be kept updated of threats posed by unscrupulous hackers. Considering the seriousness of cyber threats, imperative security measures and solutions must be comprehensively optimized in the use of information technology and be embedded also in a broad and sophisticated cyber security culture (Petrescu et.al., 2011). Companies must have contingent measures too for coherent information security policies in cooperation or collaboration with skilled public and private cyber security agents as a corporate

Structured System Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) Research Paper - 1

Structured System Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) - Research Paper Example SSADM is an implementation that particularly combines different school of thoughts postulated by different schools of development, authors and scholars (Hutchings, 2001). These schools of developments structure design projects into well defined and small activities and also give the sequence and interaction of these activities. SSADM also uses modeling techniques and diagrammatic techniques to specify structured definitions that can be easily comprehended by the developers as well as the system users (Chaffey, 1999). The SSADM is a method that is more structured and detailed and provides a better platform for the development of information systems. Due to its attributes the structured method has several advantages compared with other design and analysis methods (The Government of the Hong Kong special Region, 1998). Structured system analysis and design method always provides a requirements statement that is always clear and understandable. This provides a foundation for the analysis design and the implementation of the system. This is mainly achieved through the use of simple language and use of diagrammatic descriptions (E & E, 1988). This method also allows for more utilization of both experienced and inexperienced staff in an organization for the design process. All staff can be assigned various tasks and responsibilities with the inexperienced staff given the less demanding tasks and are guided by the experienced or expert staff (Hawryszkiewycz & Igor, 1995). Structured method also guarantees a more improved project planning and control. The breaking don of the project into phases enables division of labour and effective estimation of project duration and management. Errors and flows can also be easily identified and rectified before moving to the next stage (Hawryszkiewycz I. T., 1995). Better Quality systems. Comprehensive definition of system

How to Write an Article Review Essay Example for Free

How to Write an Article Review Essay Writing an article review, which is also sometimes referred to as an article critique, is a special type of writing that involves reading an article and then providing the reader with your personal take on its content. In general, article review essays should start with a heading that includes a citation of the sources that are being reviewed. The first paragraph, which is the introduction to the article review, should provide a summary of the article highlights. This summary should not provide every last detail about the article being reviewed. Rather, it should only discuss the most important details. If you find yourself carrying on or needing more than one paragraph to write your summary, you need to revisit the paragraph and find ways to trim down the length of your summary. Following the brief summary of your article, you will then need to explain why the article is significant. Questions you should ask yourself when writing these paragraphs include: Does the article fill a void within the literature that already exists on the topic? Does the article contain any information that would be considered â€Å"breakthrough† information? Will the information contained within this article cause other people in the field to change their ideas about the subject matter or does it simply revisit information that is already known in the field? In your final paragraphs, you will need to present your personal evaluation of the article. Some questions you should ask yourself in order to come up with your personal evaluation include whether or not the article is well written and clear. You should also consider whether or not any information was missing and if more research is needed on the topic. If you are writing the article review for a class, try to connect the article to organizational and industrial experience and try to connect the content of the article to information that you have been studying in your course. As you write your article review, keep in mind that you are doing more than just a book report. Rather than focus on telling what the article was about, your article review should reflect your personal opinions on the article as well as how it affects you or the field in which it was written. After you have finished writing your article review, be sure to go back and re-read it. This way, you will be able to look at it with a fresh set of eyes and you may notice errors that you had not previously noticed. Outline of the Article Review Please include the following categories in your article review. Full Bibliographic Reference Introduction: Objectives, Article Domain, Audience, Journal and Conceptual/Emprical Classification Very Brief Summary Results Contributions Foundation Synthesis with other materials Analysis Additional Analysis General Critique) Further Critique of a Conceptual Article -or- Further Critique of an Empirical Article Issues (in your opinion). Questions Annotated Bibliography Citation Analysis Appendix 1. Full Bibliographic Reference State the full bibliographic reference for the article you are reviewing (authors, title, journal name, volume, issue, year, page numbers, etc. ) Important: this is not the bibliography listed at the end of the article, rather the citation of the article itself! 2. Introduction: Objectives, Article Domain, Audience, Journal and Conceptual/Emprical Classification Paragraph 1: State the objectives (goals or purpose) of the article. What is the articles domain (topic area)? Paragraph 2: State whether the article is conceptual or empirical, and why you believe it is conceptual or empirical. Empirical articles and conceptual articles have a similar objective: to substantiate an argument proposed by the author. While a conceptual article supports such an argument based on logical and persuasive reasoning, an empirical article offers empirical evidence to support the argument. Empirical articles offer substantial, detailed evidence which the authors analyze using statistical methods. Empirical articles must include hypotheses (or propositions), detailed research results, and (statistical) analyses of this empirical evidence. Empirical research includes experiments, surveys, questionnaires, field studies, etc, and to limited degree, case studies. Conceptual articles may refer to such empirical evidence, but do not provide the detailed analysis of that evidence. 3. Brief Summary For an article review, do not spend much space summarizing the article. Instead focus on analysis of the article. Thus, in this section, summarize the article only very briefly. Paragraph 1: what is the problem or opportunity being addressed Paragraph 2: which solution is proposed (the solution could be a new model or a theory that explains the problem) Paragraph 3: what evidence is put forth that this solution is appropriate (If this is an empirical article, be sure to briefly describe what kind of empirical study was done as part of the evidence) 4. Results Very briefly summarize the important points (observations, conclusions, findings) in the article. Please do not repeat lists of items in the articles just summarize the essence of these if you feel they are necessary to include. 5. Contributions. An article makes a contribution by adding to the knowledge of researchers in a research field. An article can make a contribution to the research field in many ways. Does it provide a new way to look at a problem? Does it bring together or synthesize several concepts (or frameworks, models, etc. ) together in an insightful way that has not been done before? Does it provide new solutions? Does it provide new results? Does it identify new issues? Does it provide a comprehensive survey or review of a domain? Does it provide new insights? Also, is it salient (relevant and current) to a particular scientific issue or managerial problem? Are the issues addressed introduced in a way that their relevance to practice is evident? Would answers to the questions raised in the article likely to be useful to researchers and managers? Note: Do not discuss the contributions of the technologies the article describes, but rather the contributions of the article itself! The articles contributions should be original. Describe each contribution clearly in a separate paragraph or bullet point. Discuss why the contribution is important. Alternatively, if you believe the article makes no contributions, explain why clearly. 6. Foundation. Good research often is built upon theories and frameworks that other researchers have developed. Sometimes articles will be substantially based upon this prior work, and refer back to it in some detail. (Not all research articles will do this. ) Which theoretical foundations does this article and research build on, if any? In what ways? Include references/citations of the foundation work. (You can determine this in part from the works the article cites. )Note, however, that most works cited are not core foundational work, but rather just support certain aspects of the article. Similarly, do not confuse a general discussion of related topics as foundational work. If the article does not build upon key pieces of prior research, then write in your review This article does not build upon any foundation research. (If you do not state this explicitly, you will not receive credit for this section. ) 7. Synthesis with Class Materials Synthesis means analyzing a particular topic by comparing and contrasting it with, and thinking about it from the viewpoint of, the class materials from across the semester. These materials include the articles, models, frameworks, guidelines and other concepts weve covered. (Of course, only certain materials will be relevant for any given article. )Note: You have to do this synthesis! You need to relate this article to other things we have studied, so by definition you will not find this analysis in the article itself! You also could analyze the approach the author took to the articles analysis and discussion. Discuss the articles approach and results in terms of one or more of the frameworks, etc. , from the text or readings, or any you find elsewhere. As part of this analysis, reference other articles youve read, when appropriate. Compare the approach, results and contribution with all articles about similar topics or with a similar approach. For all of these, do your synthesis comparison in as much depth as you can! 8. Analysis Note: Many people assume this category is the same as General Critique. It is not. General Critique is a different category from this, and follows below. What has changed since the article was written? How do its lessons, ideas and theories still apply? To what extent has its issues been resolved? Additional Analysis Optionally, try applying the articles models, frameworks and guidelines, etc. yourself. Do you find them useful? In addition, you may optionally add your own additional analysis in a separate subsection. (Do not repeat the authors analysis in the paper you could summarize this as part of the results section. ) 9. General Critique In this section you should state your opinions of how well (or poorly) the authors did their research and presented the research results in the article. Your critique can contain both positive and negative comments. Justify and explain in detail each of your critique points in a separate paragraph of at least 4-5 sentences. The following are suggestions only: Does it build upon the appropriate foundation (i. e. , upon appropriate prior research)? Did the authors choose the correct approach, and then execute it properly? How confident are you in the articles results, and why? Are its ideas really new, or do the authors simply repackage old ideas and perhaps give them a new name? Do the authors discuss everything they promise in the articles introduction and outline? What are the articles shortcomings (faults) and limitations (boundaries)? Did it discuss all of the important aspects and issues in its domain (topic area)? In what way should the article have made a contribution, but then did not? Do the authors make appropriate comparisons to similar events, cases or occurrences? How complete and thorough a job did the authors do? Do the authors include an adequate discussion, analysis and conclusions? Did they justify everything adequately? Did they provide enough background information for the intended audience to understand it? For you to understand it? Were there adequate and appropriate examples and illustrations? Ask yourself these questions when justifying your critique points: why/why not? how? what distinguishes the differences/different approaches, and in what ways? 9. 1. Further Critique of a Conceptual Article (only for conceptual articles) A critique of a conceptual article examines the logic of the arguments made by the authors. Both strengths and weaknesses should be identified in a critique. Explain and justify each of your critique points in at least 3-4 sentences. Give examples whenever possible. To the best of your abilities, discuss each of the following categories in a separate paragraph: 1. LOGICAL CONSISTENCY: Do any parts of the article or research contradict or invalidate other parts? If so, have the authors acknowledged and explained this adequately? 2. COHERENCE: Does the article make sense? Did the authors approach this article (and this research) sensibly? Does the article develop an argument that follows a coherent line of reasoning? Are the boundaries of the argument reasonably well defined? Does the argument anticipate most, if not all, rival arguments? Does the article flow in a logical sequence? Do later parts build logically upon earlier parts? 3. SUBSTANCE: Does the article provide an argument or a line of reasoning that offers insight into important issues, or does it merely summarize previous studies in a shallow way that does not reflect depth of analysis? Does the article provide ways (a model, framework, guidelines, etc. ) to guide future thinking about the issue(s) the author is addressing? 4. FOCUS: Is there a clear audience that the authors address? Was the article written at the appropriate level for this audience? 9. 2. Further Critique of an Empirical Article (only for empirical articles) A critique of an empirical article examines the strength of the empirical evidence supporting the authors argument. Both strengths and weaknesses should be identified in a critique. Explain and justify each of your critique points in at least 3-4 sentences. To the best of your abilities, discuss each of the following categories in a separate paragraph: 1. CLARITY: Is the articles purpose and argument clear? Do the researchers clearly develop a major research question, proposition, or hypothesis that is to be evaluated in the empirical study and discussed in this article? If the study is exploratory (preliminary), is sufficient justification for an exploratory strategy given? 2. THEORETICAL GROUNDING: Is the researchers argument grounded in more basic theory? Is it clear whether the structure of the empirical study (i. e., what they do) was derived from theory, or just made up? In theory-building articles, is the need for new theory adequately established? 3. DESIGN OF RESEARCH INVESTIGATION: Is it clear exactly how the empirical study was carried out? Is the design of the research approach (field study, experiments, questionnaires, etc. both contents and how they will be used) adequate to address the common threats to internal and external validity? Have appropriate controls been established, and is the selection of research sites justified? Are the hypotheses and experiments, etc., significant? 4. MEASUREMENT: Empirical studies can have quantitative measurements (i. e. , numeric results) and qualitative or subjective measurements. Are the measures used adequately described (i. e. , what is measured in the study and how)? Are data on the reliability and validity of these measures reported? Does the article feel anecdotal or solidly supported with evidence? For example, in case or field studies, are the results well documented? Is it clear who the subjects were, and with whom interviews were carried out? Were important results cross-checked, i. e., determined across a range of subjects or just gotten from one or two subjects? 5. ANALYSIS: Is the analysis of empirical data conducted properly? Do the data conform to the requirements of any statistical tests used? Are qualitative data adequately described and presented? 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: In discussing the results of the empirical study, do the authors remain true to the actual findings of the study? Are the claims made in the conclusion of the article actually supported by the empirical data? If the study is exploratory, do the authors offer research questions or hypotheses for future research? 7. BIASES: Do the biases of the authors affect the design of the research or the interpretation of the results? Are the authors aware of potential biases and the affect on the study? 10. Issues (listed by the author) What open questions or issues has the author stated remain unresolved? Discuss each in a separate paragraph of 5-10 sentences. Each issues paragraph should take the following format: what is the issue? why do you believe this is an important issue? in what way is it unresolved suggestions for resolving it if you give your own suggestions (instead of or in addition to the authors, then precede each with I would propose If it has been resolved since the article was written, then state how it was resolved. 11. Issues (in your opinion) List several open questions or issues which remain unresolved in your opinion? For example, what possible future research questions could arise from this article? Discuss each in a separate paragraph of 5-10 sentences. Each issues paragraph should take the following format: what is the issue? why do you believe this is an important issue? in what way is it unresolved suggestions for resolving it 12. Questions List three insightful questions of your own, arising from this article. Do not ask definitions, but rather questions that really make one think. 13. Annotated Bibliography For every item you have cited in your report, you need a full reference and an annotation explaining it. List the full bibliographic references (authors, title, journal name, volume, issue, year, page numbers, etc. ) for anything you have cited in your review. IMPORTANT: This is NOT the bibliography listed at the end of the article. It is the bibliographic references for any readings you yourself referred to inside your review. Write 2-4 sentences describing the article. Write 2-3 sentences describing why you cited it. 14. Citation Analysis Appendix If the article has no citations then write in that section I found no citations in the [Science Citation Index or the Social Sciences Citation Index or on the Internet]. Note, if your article has more than 20 citations, you only need to include a selection of them: State how many citations each index has and the Web search found List 1-2 citations for each year in which the article has been cited. Try to include citations from several different journals spread over your selection ? Include a citation analysis to see who has cited it and how.

The Evolution of Morality Essay Example for Free

The Evolution of Morality Essay De Waal, author of Good Natured, is one of the most foremost proponents of debate over the evolution of morality. He is a famous primatologist and ethologist who bases his opinions partially on Darwinism and partially on his own personal viewing of primates. According to De Waal, morality comes from two separate sources. De Waal’s theory of morality rests upon the observations of primate behaviors of empathy and sympathy, the selection of kin, reciprocal altruism with regards to fairness, and the simple ability to get along, in conjunction with the idea that one part of our human morality is biological and one part is a result of cultural development. If the idea of a moral code were to be described using only one source, the theory would fail almost immediately. In the human sector, de Waal suggests that our cultural norm is a result of the collaboration of two separate things. The first would be our biological makeup. He claims that all humans are born with some sort of moral ideas. These are, in some cases, fueled by the simple needs and desires that simply come with the territory of being an infant, adolescent, or adult. However, the simple existence of an awareness of what is right and what is wrong is in no way weighty enough to incur a full-fledged code of morals. In order for it to be a sense that is strong enough to sway human behavior it needs to be manipulated by another set of values. This is where cultural decision begins to play a part. Much of the human’s idea of a moral code is embedded in what society believes to be correct behavior. This can encompass many things whether it be how a community should function, how other humans would like to be treated, or the innate desire for friendship. The key point that de Waal is striving to make is that our human morality is consistently evolving with the times. Fairness, normality, and obligation are cultural ideas formed simply by the majority’s expectations. De Waal’s theory rests upon the fusion of these two human traits. However, his ideas also draw from proof of his own scientific observations in the field of primates. However, human morality is not a concept that can be grasped simply by what has occurred to actual human beings over the course of history. In order to fully understand it, one must take into consideration the fact that there may be other entities that practice or abide by the same moral code. De Waal is famous for stating that â€Å"By limiting the concept of morality to the form that is able to be practiced by human beings, we are limiting our understanding of what made us moral in the first place† (4). The â€Å"building blocks of morality† encompass many different characteristics that even primates demonstrate. The ones that are most obviously identifiable in animal behavior are empathy, the selection of kin, reciprocal altruism, demonstrations of fairness, and even their need to resolve conflict. These are all human traits that can undoubtedly be recognized outside of the human spectrum at an undeniable level. This is where de Waal’s theory comes in. His evolution of morality stands on the idea of primates also exemplifying human characteristics. The first and most obvious things that primates show are empathy and sympathy. Some would argue that all animals contain this trait because of the need to nurture and care for young. They are shown through multiple things whether it be emotional attachment, giving simple help to a fellow monkey, or caring for children. De Waal gives a specific example of this when he tells of Yeroen. This primate has just lost a pertinent fight over who will take leadership in his community. Instead of being left to fend for himself emotionally, another young chimpanzee runs over to console him. De Waal also offers multiple flashbacks of monkeys protectively positioning themselves with and around those who are wounded or are their family. Many of these things are human tendencies and de Waal wastes no time in using them to support his ideas of the evolution of morality. Familial bonds are also something that is, surprisingly, not unique to human nature. The selection of kin is also seen in primate life. Maternal instincts are strong, and a father is often seen as the head 1 / 2 of his family. De Waal writes: â€Å"Attached with an emotional umbilical cord to her offspring, the primate mother is never free† (122). The community also institutes multiple ideas of rank and order within their tribes as well. The story of Socko stealing alpha male Jimoh’s choice female and suffering wrath for it is a prime example. Reciprocal altruism can arguably be the most obvious way in which primates demonstrate a code of morality. This is simply the idea of a Golden Rule. Often times, cultural expectations are tied to what one person (or in this case primate) will do with the expectation that they will ultimately receive the same treatment. Many societies base their entire code of ethics around this simple truth, so it is impossible that chimpanzees do this without knowing. Fairness is another trait that de Waal rests his theory upon when it comes to what he has observed in the world of primates. He claims that as a community they share food, take revenge, and even executively hand out justice. There are ranks and rules that need to be followed. This goes hand-in-hand with the final building block which is the ability to resolve conflict. Within a communal setting, this is an inevitable side affect. De Waal writes: â€Å"Golden monkeys do it with mutual hand-holding, chimpanzees with a kiss on the mouth, bonobos with sex, and tonkeana macaques with clasping and lipsmacking. Each species follows its own peacemaking protocol† (176). De Waal concludes his book Good Natured with his statements over moral code as a whole. Ultimately, he lends notability to the idea that humans came up with a case for morality partially because of biological makeup and partially because of cultural compromise and normality. However, his theory is different in his insistence that primates demonstrate the building blocks of a code of morality in their portrayal of empathy and sympathy, their selection of kin, reciprocal altruism, and the ability to get along in regards to fairness and resolving conflict. The fusion of these three things is what de Waal rests his case upon, with much credibility. References De Waal, Frans. Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1996. Print. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).

Gender Differences in Human Development

Gender Differences in Human Development Yaqin Albirawi Abstract This paper explores the discoveries concerning gender differences in human development. All research framework has been gathered from reliable sources that base their data on statistics and scientific findings. The main objective of this report is to indicate how males and females tend to differ greatly in their brain, cognitive, social-emotional, and moral development. Brain differences across genders occur as early as prior to birth, for male fetuses have a thicker right hemisphere as female fetuses. Scientists have also discovered male brains to be generally larger, but less symmetrical than female brains. In the very first days of life, a girl’s left hemisphere responds quicker to verbal sounds. In addition, even later in life, verbal IQ tests point out that girls are at a more verbal advantage, whereas boys are more skilled in visual and spatial abilities. Many believe this superiority is associated with levels of testosterone, a hormone known to be found in higher levels in males. Hormones found in men and women also have a great impact on their social-emotional development. Females are thought to be more emotional than men, however, males are as emotional. To be more accurate, each sex tends to process mental states in a different manner. Lastly, this report will cover how rules incorporated in a boys’ and girls’ games affect their moral reasoning later in life, causing boys to lean towards law and justice while girls leaning towards empathy and relations. For further research, this subject matter aims to call into question the methods of how individuals may parent, educate, and support their children using advantages their daughter or son’s brain may provide in order to succeed in their present environment. Introduction Amidst the advancement of today’s technological innovations, researchers around the world were able to reveal nearly 100 major differences between male and female brains (Jantz, 2014, p. 2). Acknowledging these differences may â€Å"help you to understand how to best use the advantages your brain provides, what to be aware of around the disadvantages, and how to make changes that will enhance your ability to succeed in your present environment† (O’Brien, 2007, p. 4). Gender differences can be tremendously visible and viewed from various points, however, the discoveries encountered exceed past what the eye can see. Having said that, males and females tend to differ greatly in their brain, cognitive, social-emotional, and moral development. Gender Differences in Brain Development The brain of males and females differs in its structure, function and the method of processing information. These differences initiate prior to birth, for male and female brains distribute tasks to each hemisphere in a dissimilar arrangement (Jantz, 2014, p. 2). Considering this information, research has revealed that boys lean towards having a thicker right hemisphere as early as they are fetuses (Eliot, 1999, p. 434). The most evident dissimilarity found in the brain across genders is the overall size. Generally, the human brain tends to be 8% larger in males than females (Eliot, 1999, pp. 431-432), nonetheless, females have a noticeably larger hippocampus and splenium of the corpus callosum (Jantz, 2014, p. 2) (Eliot, 1999, p. 432). White and grey matter, tissues of the brain and spinal cord, are also used in different amounts across genders; male brains apply seven times more gray matter in their activities, whereas female brains make use of approximately ten times more white mat ter, which is due to more blood flow in female brains (Jantz, 2014, pp. 1-2). Although identical in makeup, the level of neurochemicals managed in human brains varies between sexes as well (Jantz, 2014, p. 1). It is also said to be that women’s brains are more symmetrical than men’s (Eliot, 1999, p. 432). Correspondingly, women tend to be at an advantage when it comes to linguistic skills because although verbal centers are commonly found in the left hemisphere, women generally have them on the right hemisphere as well (Jantz, 2014, p. 2). This cognitive ability, alongside others, is stated to be due to the dissimilar process in which the brains of men and women are wired. Gender Differences in Cognitive Development Owing to the fact that the sequence of development of the various brain regions differs in males and females, this aspect also affects various points related to cognitive development. In the initial days after birth, a girl’s left hemisphere is quicker to respond to verbal sounds than a boy’s (Eliot, 1999, p. 434). Later in life, women continue to clinch on to this quick response as they are quicker at alternating between tasks (Jantz, 2014, p. 1). Assessments have shown that females tend to attain a higher level in matching items and recalling details after reading paragraphs and stories better than males do (Kimura, 1999, p. 2). Additionally, verbal IQ tests indicate that girls are expected to be more advanced in linguistic abilities, whereas boys are more advantageous when it comes to visual and spatial tasks, such as mental rotation, navigation, mathematics, and science (Eliot, 1999, p. 430). Given these spatial and strengthened motor skills, men throughout evolutio n were chosen to hunt animals successfully as women spent most of their time nursing and caring for their children, thus enhancing their linguistic skills (Eliot, 1999, p. 431). Females may also excel in this field because they have more operative communication between both hemispheres, this enables them to involve both sides of their brain to the same degree for many types of activities (Eliot, 1999, p. 432). Visual-spatial coordination is increased in boys through their engagement in activities, such as pushing trucks around and kicking soccer balls. Whereas playing with dolls increases a girl’s verbal skills through social interaction sorts of pretense play (Eliot, 1999, p. 433). However, the causes of these differences in cognitive development do not end here. Visual-spatial abilities are also associated with levels of testosterone found in each sex. Poor ability is caused by very high or low levels of testosterone. Therefore, women with high testosterone levels and men w ith low testosterone levels do best on tests linked with visual-spatial abilities. This phase occurs in women before their ovulation, whereas it arises in men during the spring (Wade, n.d., p. 4). These testosterone levels and the abilities covered may not only demonstrate a difference in cognitive development, but also provide purpose to how one deals with society and emotions surrounding their environment. Gender Differences in Social-Emotional Development An evident gender difference recognized by many societies around the world is the social-emotional developmental aspect in both men and women. Many believe that females tend to be more emotional than males, however, studies have discovered that emotional instability not only occurs in women, but also in men at equivalent levels (Wade, n.d., p. 4). Given that girls are more verbally emotive and use the right and left hemispheres of their brains when reacting to emotional events, they are capable of describing their feelings at a more advanced level than boys, giving them an impression of being more sensitive (McBride, n.d., p. 3) (O’Brien, 2007, p. 3). On the other hand, throughout the process of analyzing emotive memory, men may unintentionally move on to other tasks that are unlinked to feelings, making it seem as though they are avoiding their emotions (Jantz, 2014, p. 2). Relating back to an earlier topic, male and female bodies contain the same hormones, but in different a mounts. That being said, men have more amounts of androgens while women have more amounts of estrogen hormones (Wade, n.d., p. 2). Relatively, women’s moods and choice of partners relates to hormones that manage their menstrual cycles (Wade, n.d., p. 4). Women with high estrogen levels have a tendency to be involved in peaceful relationships and upholding connections. Serotonin, a neurochemical that is responsible for one’s sense of calmness, desires and aggression levels, is discovered to be 30% more present in women than in men, which may also contribute to the peaceful relations some women may maintain (O’Brien, 2007, p. 4). However, aggression and sex drive are due to testosterone, an androgen hormone, which is found higher in level in men (Wade, n.d., p. 3). Testosterone in a teenage boy’s body also causes him the desire to be left alone and reduce any type of social activity, with the exception of sex and sports (O’Brien, 2007, p. 1). Due to how males process testosterone, they tend to be more impulsive, competitive, aggressive, and need different methods than girls to relief stress (Jantz, 2014, p. 2). However, statistics have also presented that women tend to be four times more anxious than men (O’Brien, 2007, p. 3). Therefore, when faced with anxiety, stress or fear, women tend to stick together by maintaining their social connection as a way of sponsoring a sense of safety (O’Brien, 2007, p. 1). As indicated, many of these social-emotional points are noted to be commonly different across women and men due to convincing developmental causes. Gender Differences in Moral Development One development difference that may not be as noticeable as the preceding matter is females and males’ moral reasoning. Kohlberg’s moral development theory states that moral reasoning is concerned with justice and consists of six developmental stages that are placed into three levels: pre-conventional morality, conventional morality, and post-conventional morality (HHG notes, 2014). By means of this theory, women are unlikely to be present at the sixth stage, generally fixed in stage three, where a person’s moral reasoning is governed by pleasing others in the society. During childhood, games played by males usually contain rules, which lead them to be more concerned with authorized rules and reasonable techniques when resolving any arguments and fights in the future. As for girls, it is more probable for them to end a game rather than continue it, for their relationships are more important to them. Unlike men and their rules, women base their moral reasoning and resolve moral dilemmas by relating their problems to their relation with the person, and giving thought to who will be least hurt in the process (Travis, 1982, p. 1). Correspondingly, Carol Gilligan, another theorists, states that females may reflect upon care, relationships, and connections, rather than justice and law, in their moral reasoning when faced with a moral dilemma (Donenberg Hoffman, 1988, p. 1). Gilligan found that women are placed at a lower level on Kohlberg’s scale than men because they put themselves in the place of the other person and account for the relation they have with that individual. On the other hand, men place higher because they detach themselves from society, making the process of relating to the dilemma that much easier (Donenberg Hoffman, 1988, p. 2). This is further proved when relating moral thinking to sexual behaviour and the outcome of it. For example, research states that when having sex, women think about the aftermath while men focu s on the activity itself. One may be able to indicate that females tend to believe that social hierarchies will ruin relationships, while males believe it will build them (McBride, n.d., p. 3). As a result, men and women seem to grow unalike when approaching a moral dilemma. Conclusion As with every other aspect of human development, researchers have proven many concrete and perceived differences across genders provided by variances found in their brain, cognitive, social-emotional, and moral development. The structure, function, and method of processing information are three of the many dissimilarities found in brains of men and women. On account of these differences, numerous cognitive ability variances, such as verbal skills favouring women and motor skills favouring men, arise. In addition, this verbal superiority reasons why many individuals believe that women tend to have an edge over men when regarding self-awareness, emotions, and empathy toward others. Consequently, unlike men, rather than forming their reasons by referring to the law, women tend to reflect upon social relations and connections. Therefore, â€Å"understanding gender differences from a neurological perspective not only opens the door to greater appreciation of the different genders, it als o calls into question how we parent, educate, and support our children from a young age† (Jantz, 2014, p. 2). References Donenberg, G. R. Hoffman, L. W. (1988). Gender differences in moral development. Sex Roles, Vol. 18. Retrieved from http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/45582/11199_2004_Article_BF00288055.pdf?sequence=1 Eliot, L. (1999). What’s going on in there? How the brain and mind develop in the first five years of life. United States: Bantam Books. Jantz, G. L. (2014, February 27). Brain differences between genders. Psychology Today. Retrieved from www.psychologytoday.com/blog/hope-relationships/201402/brain-differences-between-genders Kimura, D. (1999). Sex differences in the brain. Scientific America. Retrieved from http://www.ucd.ie/artspgs/langimp/genderbrain.pdf McBride, W. (n.d.). Boys will be boys, girls will be girls. Center for Recruitment and Retention of Mathematics Teachers. Retrieved from http://crr.math.arizona.edu/GenderKeynote.pdf O’Brien, G. (2007, Fall). Understanding ourselves: Gender differences in the brain. Columbia Consultancy. Retrieved from http://www.columbiaconsult.com/pubs/v52_fall07.html Travis, C. (1982, May 2). Women and men and morality. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/02/books/women-and-men-and-morality.html Wade, L. (n.d.). The new science of sex differences. WordPress. Retrieved from http://lisawadedotcom.files.wordpress.com/2011/02/wade-forthcoming-the-new-science-of-sex-differences.pdf

Comparing and Contrasting the Sublime Essay -- Williams Shelley Trave

Comparing and Contrasting the Sublime What can be said about the sublime? Class discussion led to the definition of sublime as the element found in travel literature that is unexplainable. It is that part of travel literature where the writer is in awe of his or her surroundings, where nature can be dangerous or where nature reminds a human being of their mortality. The term "sublime" has been applied to travel texts studied in class and it is hard not to compare the sublime from texts earlier in the term to the texts in the later part of the term. Two texts that can be compared in terms of the sublime are A Tour in Switzerland by Helen Williams and History of a Six Weeks' Tour by Mary Shelley and Percy Bysshe Shelley. There are similarities and differences found in both texts concerning individual perspectives of travel and the sublime. The main focus of this commentary will be comparing and contrasting the perspectives of Williams and Shelley within their respective texts, the language of the sublime and the descriptio ns of the sublime. Both Shelley and Williams write from a personal perspective. Both travel to and make observations on the area that interests them. Williams travels to Switzerland while Shelley travels through Geneva to Chamonix. In the introduction of Williams's text she immediately reveals the reason why she wishes to visit Switzerland while Shelley assumes that the reader recognizes that he is a traveler who wants to go from point A to point B. Williams's introduction reveals that she has already dreamed about what it would be like to visit Switzerland and she shares with her readers that 'I am going to gaze upon images of nature; images of which the idea has so often swelled my imagination, but whic... ...ering more leeway to understanding the sublime. On a more personal note, comparing how Williams and Shelley write about the sublime has made the idea more clear in my mind on how to approach readings that contain the sublime, it is much easier to understand and furthermore, it offers more than one way of looking for and at the sublime. Works cited Extracts from: "The Shelleys at Chamonix:1816." Mary Shelley and P. B. Shelley History of a Six Weeks' Tour. London: T. Hookham, 1817. Romanticism: The CD-ROM. Ed. By David Miall and Duncan Wu. Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1997. Williams, Helen Maria. A Tour in Switzerland; or, A view of the present state of the Government and Manners of those Cantons: with comparative sketches of the present state of Paris. 2 Vols. London: G. G. and J. Robinson, 1798. http://www.ualberta.ca/~dmiall/Travel/Coxe-Williams.htm.

Higgenbotham Book Review :: American History, American Identity

Don Higginbotham expertly combines both primary and secondary sources providing the reader a composite historical narrative of the American Revolution as â€Å"seen through American ideas.† Higginbotham was Dowd Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill until his death in June 2008. Higginbotham contributed several articles on comparative revolution and many other books and articles about the American Revolution. The book’s subtitle is Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice 1763 – 1789. However, Higginbotham devotes substantial attention to other themes providing the reader with a synthesized version of the political and military aspects of the war. He also addresses the cultural and social aspects of the war. In doing so, he illustrates how the war affected the development of an American identity and how whig philosophy translated into everyday reality for the common man. Finally, he uses the book to compare the Vietnam conflict to the American Revolution. The author never directly discusses the development of an American identity, but one can see that thread as he discusses the militia system and its reinforcement of the provincialism and localism during the period (7). Higginbotham continues this theme, contending that a group of â€Å"American political leaders† emerged within the Continental Congress who were nationalists and desired to go beyond the simple provincial assemblies (81). Higginbotham maintains this concept, proposing that Manifest Destiny may have been an issue as early as 1776 in the colonial discussions concerning the invasion of Canada (108). The concept of an American identity came to fruition in 1776 when opinion concerning independence grew increasingly favorable (117). One could argue, however, that most Americans possessed little concept of an identity even after the Declaration was signed. Nevertheless, in 1781 the Pennsylvania line must had some concept of an American identity. After revolting due to lack of pay and other necessary items, one soldier remarked that, â€Å"Clinton might ‘bribe such a mean toadeater as Arnold,’ but ‘it is not in his power to bribe an American soldier’† (404). Without an innate knowledge of what an American soldier was, it seems unlikely that such a remark would have been made. Higginbotham clearly demonstrates how colonial Americans internalized whig beliefs and turned them into action not only resisting British authority, but also resisting its own Continental Army. This created somewhat of a quandary for colonial authorities throughout the war, for in resisting the militarism of George III (118), they needed to establish a military that became what they were fighting against. Higginbotham describes Congress’ first attempt at this in a â€Å"restrained military code† that would reflect the society from which it originated.

Transformations :: essays research papers

The Study of transformation and its meaning can be difficult to understand. It can however be made easier through he use of sources such as novels, plays and movies. Two plays that help this study, include Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Stoppard’s R + G.Both plays are written in different times making the two a very important aspect, in its relation to the notion of ‘transformation’. Through elements in both plays such as context, themes and techniques we are able to understand the relationship between the two The context and values of both plays are able to bring out the nature of the protagonists. The context of hamlet reflects mainly on the cahning cociety, in the 16th & 17th century’s, from the Elizabethan society to the Renaissance Period.The context of R + G on the other hand reflects on changed society today focusing on the presence of 20th century existentialism and the influence of the theatre of absurd. Shake’s revenge tradegy clearly exemplifies the value of Elizabethan society.This is most manifested in the divine supremacy afforded the king and the profound & moral consequences of regicide. Awareness of the ‘divinity’ was paramount in the Elizabethan age as seen with Hamlet grapple with fate â€Å"to be or not to be† soliloquy (Act III).In R + G on the other hand, instead of being regarded as high authority, they absolutely have no power and are viewed as your typical ordinary man. Protesting against the notion that the universe is a determined, ordered system, the external argument is clearly manifested through the attempts of stoppards protagonist, to establish a sense of information â€Å"which denotes a district lack of order to the universe.WE can identify R + G as part of a disillusioned age which the world has stopped making sense through the undermining of values & assurances of former generations. This can be seen I Act II of R + G’s apparent onging movement around the stage and inconsequential questioning. The understanding of ‘transformation’ can also be made apparent through theme/character and it helps understand the relationship between the two plays. It brings out the journey on the protagonist in the play. Central to Hamlet is a consideration of the notion of ‘destiny’. In R + G as in Hamlet, it raises the issue of fate and its role in our lives. The relationship between the two plays is explored raising the issue of its role in our lives.

Types of Organizational Structures

Question 2 Would it be wrong of Rushton as a Group Managing Director of the organization to ask Walter about his health? Defend your answer by applying to moral principles. In the Kant’s Ethics, the Rushton is not wrong to ask Walter about his health, because Kant’s Ethics is saying a person doing their duty, means that person is right no relationship with the what result. Example Rushton as a Group Managing Director of the organization, this is his duty to ask for Walter about his health.Another, Rushton also is not wrong to ask Walter about his health, because in Utilitarianism Ethics is a theory in  normative ethics  holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes utility, specifically defined as maximizing happiness and reducing suffering. Simple said that it is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of right and wrong.In this case Rushton is asking for Walter about his health, this will make the Walter unhappy, but in the most of Walter’s colleagues will happy , because they can be relieved in their working place. In conclusion, Rushton it not wrong to ask Walter about his health. Question 4 In what way, should the company address the problem of public fear and prejudice when employee with AIDS has direct contact with customers? In that way, the company should provide more relevant about AIDS information to customers.People simply touching someone with AIDS or being in contact with them do not transfer the disease. If there was contact between open or exposed flesh then that's a different story. AIDS will transfer the disease just has only a few ways, example during sexual contact, as a result of injection drug use and as a result of an occupational exposure. So the company can talk about AIDS transfer disease information to customers. This way can make customers know about AIDS knowledge and also can save customer’s worry.Another way, the company can transfer AIDS patients to ot her less direct contact with customers’ departments. An example of this case, the company can transferred Walter from senior operation manager into other departments such as financial departments, production department or quality control department does a manager. These departments are not directly in contact with customers. In these ways, the company can continue to employ talents and also can prevent customer’s fear and prejudice.

Comparison between Spanish and British methods of colonization

do a comparison between the Spanish and British modes of colonization can be useful to comprehend all the motives our ancestors had to get down its civilization in America and likewise to understand all the consequences of all this events that at the present time can be noticed. The Spanish colonization of America began with the enamour in the western hemisphere of Christopher capital of Ohio in 1942, influenced by the necessity to materialise an alter inwrought route for the trade of spices as well as the grown desires to envision gold and silver.Is well known that whiz of the much or less powerful purposes of Spanish was to bourgeon maximum advantage of the resources of America, especially the gold, in order to return to Spain and become a wealthy kingdom. One of the obstacles Spanish pile found in their fashion to secure their terminal were the extensive areas with huge total of native cosmos that inhabited the American continent in addition to their contrary for eign language. An early(a) consequential figure that limited the Spanish people was the diseases they brought with themselves. Since the native populations did not have any exemption to those diseases, the American population decimated.The limitations they had were as heavy as the choices they decided to make. One of the actions they make was to displace the original cultures that already were naturalized in the American territory in order to take their land and prink it under their sovereignty. An early(a) aspect they realised was that the Native Americans would not be submitted to a slavery authoritiesn, precisely to a regime of Encomienda (commission). The Encomienda established that the Indians had to work obligatorily for the Spanish person that was turning out to be their agent.One of the most outstanding consequences of all of these events, was the easily but surely end of most of the Natives because of the European diseases and the systems of forced labor (such as the Encomienda). Another result was the conversion of the American population to the Catholicism, forced by the Spanish Empire. This particular mission was widely happy since nowadays half of the Catholics of the world unrecorded in Latin America. Also is important to mention the Mestizo class make by the Natives and the Spanish intermarriages. In the other hand, British colonization of America began in the late 16th century.Unlike the Spanish, the British were face for richness for themselves and not for their empire. Another divagation is that the British came to America not with the innovation to conquer and exploit this new land, but simply with the desire to settle themselves in it. The limitations that stopped the British to attain their goal are similar to the constraints Spaniards had. A fewer of those are the European diseases and the language as well as the native population that inhabited America, even though at that moment there was a piddling number of natives the British tried to colonize. The British made very different decisions than the Spanish did.Instead of returning to Europe and make their outlandish a wealthy nation, they preferred to become a new life in a new land. They created farms and built cities. They excessively used a different regime called Headright System that consisted in granting every manly head of household who came to the New existence a land of 50 acres. The outcomes of the British method of colonization have oneness aspect similar to the Spanish the destruction of the Indian culture, mainly because of the European diseases. further contrary to the Spanish situation, in the British sector the mestizaje was very low or non-existent.Also, we can observe that the British were winning on having fulfilled their goal of outgrowth a new life in a new land. Finally I consider the Spanish were incredibly poisonous in their colonization method. On the other hand I recollect the British used a better method givi ng to their colonization a trustworthy freedom of development and respecting their culture in a certain level. I believe that it was a more civilized way of having the natives calmed, and clearly the correct way. This can be noticed now when we see that the countries colonise by England have a more notable advance in engine room and civilization.

Communication is a fundamental component promoting positive behaviour

In the lower-ranking enlighten scene, well-developed communication accomplishments atomic number 18 an indispensable piece of sound schoolroom direction. They enable instructors to develop reciprocally honorific rough-cut inter moldions with pupils that serve to augment schoolroom invites and results. diverse characteristics and method actings of communication whitethorn be utilise to mount interpersonal exchanges, stir heavy problem-solving and expedite attempt declaration. These be the critical edifice blocks that serve to excogitation trust and apprehension. Furthermore, the many factors involved in trenchant communicating aid greatly in succour warm reciprocal student/teacher kindreds and arable acquisition environments which in bend, foster controlling fashion and larning results. ( Arthur-Kelly, Lyons, Butterfield & A Gordon, 2003 )Many secondary school pupils grok this clip period to be particularly disputing. Developmentally, much(prenominal) pupi ls are sing considerable upheaval as they begin to negociate the labyrinth to ruttish, social, physical and cognitive adulthood. The secondary school old ages are farther complicated as teenagers begin to consolidate their sentiency of individuality, strive for greater liberty and freedom and their societal webs expand. These momentous alterations may do many pupils to broadcast and fight both behaviourally and academically. Fortunately, through the practise of effective interpersonal communicating techniques instructors are able to rebuild deferential, mutual relationships that bolster secondary pupils throughout this dissipated journey. ( Martin, 2010 )Interpersonal communicating is a complex pattern that involves chartering and having capacitys. Spoken words are commitd to convey substance but the frequently everyplace brassed non-verbal constituents of communicating are of equal importance and consist at least 50 % of message content. much(prenominal) constitu ents include oculus contact, paralinguistics, positioning and position, facial looks, gestures, approximation and touch, personal visual aspect andcommunicating puting. These factors afford tremendous potency to interfere with and falsify the significance of intended messages. As much(prenominal), it is of paramount importance that instructors neutralize doing rushed readings of pupil non-verbal behavior and to a fault consecrate attending to the congruity of their ain non-verbal communicating. Actions tend to verbalise louder than words so in decent non-verbal communicating has the assertable to earnestly undermine message unity and compositors case pupil confusion. ( Arthur-Kelly et al. , 2003 ) As stated by Charles ( 2000, pp. 48-49 ) To a surprising grade, how you communicate determines your effectivity as a instructor. Relationships are built on communicating and slowly destroyed by it. Because so much of communicating has the doable to be misunderstood it is indis pensable for instructors to use schemes that minimise the opportunity of this happening. superstar peculiarly effectual method is the usage of lively earshot ( Arthur-Kelly et al. , 2003 ) . fighting(a) hearing is non simply hearing but a much more purposeful action that involves world attentive, endeavoring to understand communicated concerns and emotions, lay down uping through appropriate enquire and back uping job re resolving ( Weinstein, 2007 ) . During quick hearing, the manslayer of the message interprets what has been said and accurately reflects this back to look into apprehension of the vocalizer s concerns and associated feelings. This procedure enables the utterer to experience acknowledged, supported and confident that they have been understood. It encourages the utterer to go on showing, benefit uping and earning support to drop dead through issues constructively ( Geldard & A Geldard, 2007 ) . By utilizing the active hearing technique, instructors send a strong message to pupils that they truly tutelage. Congruently, caring, and particularly student perceptual experience of such, is an of import occupyment for typeset uping the healthy relationships that promote positive behavior and academic results ( DeSantis King, Huebner, Suldo & A Valois, 2006 ) .4Several other communicating procedures may besides be used to heighten the active hearing procedure and to convey echt concern and warmheartedness to pupils. These include doing appropriate oculus contact by changing position to fit the degree of the talkers, utilizing congruous facial looks, using minimum verbal cues and die hard with active hearing until the talker feels ready to soil ( Weinstein, 2007 ) . Open ask is besides of import. This involves the preparation of inquiries that require more than a negative or optimistic response. Such inquiring is peculiarly utile to convey to light antecedently inconsiderate issues and besides to clear up information. Additionally , it is an effectual manner of promoting ongoing converse ( Geldard & A Geldard, 2007 ) .The combination of the abovementioned schemes efficaciously facilitate clear look and enhance listening truth during conversations. In secondary schoolroom state of affairss, nevertheless, it is frequently unavoidable to guarantee that intervention whilst conveying messages is eliminated every post expeditiously as possible. In these state of affairss, cocky communicating is an plus ( Arthur-Kelly et al. , 2003 ) . During bumptious communicating, the rights of both the talker and the hearers are upheld, therefore cut downing intervention. This method of communication is neither inactive nor aggressive. Rather, pass oning assertively means showing messages in a no-nonsense mode that is straightforward, honest and unoffending ( Mohan, McGregor, Saunders & A Archee, 2008 ) .One such manner of communication is through the usage of I statements. I statements are a matter-of-fact method for le ting the talker to convey their message and at the same time do their demands known without impinge on the rights of others. They are frequently peculiarly worthful as they alert the hearers to the talker s religious belief in their cooperation without any associated threatening intensions ( Arthur-Kelly et al. , 2003 ) . Assertive statements are by and large stated in one-third parts, to depict specific behaviors, to sketch feelings associated5with such behaviors and to exemplify the effects of such behaviors. They send a clear message to the receiver without hazard of rudeness ( Mohan et al. , 2008 ) . Spoken calmly, I messages operate to supply valid, complete feedback to pupils round the effects of their behavior in a respectful, non-intimidating manner ( Arthur-Kelly et al. , 2003 ) .Despite the present efficiency of communicating procedures such as active hearing and self-asserting communicating, in secondary schoolrooms, the potency for struggles and unsolved jobs dus t ever-present. Because of the emphasis and anxiousness that is frequently associated with the dramatic alterations undergo by striplings, that they may at times act with confusion as they try to joint their ideas and feelings. This may precipitate apparently inappropriate words and actions that may necessitate careful dialogue to decode and specify ( Brown, 2005 ) . Negotiation is a problem-solving communicating accomplishment that incorporates active hearing and self-asserting behavior. Basically, dialogue involves utilizing common devotion and communicating devoid of intervention by such contaminations as high affectional provinces ( Arthur-Kelly et al. , 2003 ) .In dialogue, sixer stairss are used to ease problem-solving. The first footmark involves job designation utilizing I messages, unfastened inquiring and active hearing. Step two necessitates the designation of possible problem-solving options. This is facilitated through the collaborative listing of suggestions which are freely expressed and are neither evaluated nor censored ( Arthur-Kelly et al. , 2003 ) . In measure four, this procedure is refined as stakeholders are provided with the chance to cancel any antecedently generated options that they go wholly unacceptable. Subsequently, in measure five the stripling selects their virtually favorable option which they believe is most likely to be successful and an understanding to mechanism thisis established. Step six completes the mould and involves holding on a clip period before the consequences of the solution are reviewed. During the reappraisal procedure, permanent6 murder may be decided upon or in the instance of an disappointing result the dialogue process impart be repeated ( Arthur-Kelly et al. , 2003 ) .Walsh ( 2004 ) alludes to the fact that during adolescence, emotional ordinance is still undergoing development. This is one account for what appears to be bad-mannered, unprompted and angry behavior that is sporadically demonstra ted by striplings. Understanding by secondary instructors that striplings will at times make societal mistakes is extremely wise and has tremendous potency to be relationship edifice, puting the phase for cooperation ( Brown, 2005 ) . Consistent, considered action on the portion of the secondary instructor leads to the edifice of trust that is built-in to respectful relationships. Likewise, appropriate and effectual communicating physiques common affect and is the foundation of all positive acquisition environments ( Brown, 2005 ) . on the whole schoolroom larning occurs in the context of interpersonal interactions and this mutual agreement wields a powerful influence over the learning environment and associated pupil accomplishment. Effective communicating between instructors and pupils has a mutual consequence. Resultantly, it stands to ground that such interpersonal interactions are a critical constituent of positive schoolroom environment and associated enhanced behaviors and larning results ( Goh & A Fraser, 2000 ) .Much research exists to back up the exposure that positive relationships between pupils and instructors enhances larning environments, taking to improved behavior and favorable acquisition results ( den Brok, Levy, Brekelmans & A Wubbels, 2006 Fraser & A Walberg, 2005 Urdan, & A Schoenfelder, 2006 ) . More peculiarly, pupil motive, larning and grade of compliancy are preponderantly shaped by their perceptual experience of their relationship with their instructor ( den Brok, Levy, Brekelmans & A Wubbels, 2006 ) . During the turbid secondary school old ages pupils care a great trade about set uping positive relationships with their instructors and the degree of support this provides. As such, they react7with far greater enthusiasm, pronounced employment and augmented attempt, both behaviourally and academically, when they perceive that their instructors care about them ( Urdan, & A Schoenfelder, 2006 ) . By utilizing effectual com municating accomplishments, instructors are equipped with the tools to leave this powerful belief in their pupils, therefore taking to respectful mutual relationships, positive acquisition environments and associated behavioral and academic growing.8

Baby Thesis Essay

render of the worryThis get aimed to naturalized and attend into the factors leash to the grow-chela misconceive of the senior high school day naturalize students and their p arnts of the fear Patricks honorary society in inform socio-economic class 2014 -2015.Specifically, this topic overly seek to response the by-line questions 1. What is the take aim of the constriction of the p bent and teen kid ground on how frequently they be communicating? 2. What are the factors that sincerely continue the invoke and puerile claw communicating? 3. What are the earthy problems in the midst of call forth and nestling? moment of the field of operationsThe ending of the theater of operations would be dear to the administrator, counselor counselors, teacher, aro applys, students, to the rising investigator and to those be after to buzz off a family roughlyday as well. The consider would be of neat foster to those parents and puerile electric s be ginr whose experiencing such(prenominal) bod of dialogue gap.To the administrator, it would deal out as a snuff it to earn some programs back up to the nigh communion of parent and baby bird.To the focus counselor, it would overhaul as a financial aid to mitigate their skills in instruction way and it would depict them to more(prenominal) experience the students they acquired.To the teachers, it would pay heed as a support them to construe those students with such experience.To the parents, it would shell out as signal non alone to make better their act and communion with their teenaged child and in addition to bring in more what their child wants to express.To the students, it would look not totally as a befriend to be sure of their communication to their parents still as well as as a hire in better their thought intimately their parents.To the upcoming interrogationer, it would come as designate for their approaching research/thesi s.To those draw a bead on to give a family someday, it would manage as a guide to have a good parenting. celestial orbit and Limitations of the playing fieldThe bring was focussed on the factors jumper lead to the parent-child see among the high school students of the perfection Patricks academy and their parents.The subjects of the aim were 398 students enrolled in the school year 2014 2015 and their parents or their guardian. commentary of callConsanguinity. It is the spot of universe from the equivalent chemical attraction as some other person. Affinity. It is the family, specially by marriage as foreign to business line ties. Matrifocal. It is the kinship in the midst of a develop and her children. Conjugal. It is the relationship mingled with a husband, his wife and children. Thenuclear family. It is the another(prenominal) barrier use for conjugal. genesis gap. It is the differences of brainpower or judicial decision mingled with stack of diss imilar generations. Miscommunication. It is the blow to announce adequately. accomplice Group. It is a classify of commonwealth of just about the equivalent age, status, and interests. Harrassment. It is the in-your-face crush or intimidation.

Organizational Behavior Concepts: General Electric Essay

grounding all furrow has a tidy sum of cite characteristics or de end pointine that sustain up an organisational assimilation which is eccentric to its occupation. g all overning bodyal port examines the stir that case-by-cases, conventions, and building curb on port at heart governings for the usance of applying much(prenominal)(prenominal) cognition toward amend an institutions authority (Robbins, 2005). The habit of this tick offk constitution is to expose and respect command electric cars (GE) organisational coating, organisational style, and guest serve up trites. We for get announce of excessively uncover how sure-fire GE has been in implementing organisational style sentiments in the sideline tercet categories (1) need, (2) free radical behaviour, (3) organisational agri subtlety. every(prenominal)(prenominal)day electric car has their system of rulesal value post serious on their web lay. By doing so, they sc ram allowd scripted expectations to their employees regarding honour satisfactory style and virtue in the assortment state environs. These value strike the energy, spirit, and substantialness al-Qaida of the community, articulating a vernacular mark of agreemental appearance. Also, GEs heroic unsex of forethought strategies is regorgeed at change magnitude trigger and cleanse yieldiveness to shit the high society to a greater extent war-ridden. GEs organisational stopping point is considered unrivalled of mettlesome respect able standard in the collective introduction. accord to The duration of moral philosophy (KPMG, 2007) GE right off has integrity of the wear morals compliance programs in existence__, says Larry P wizardmon, case music director of teleph angiotensin converting enzyme line morals go at KPMG. oecumenic galvanicSince doubting Thomas Edison started superior general galvanising in 1876, the lodge has steadily s v igoro customd into a hugely booming postal divine servicement and adeptness of the largest companies in the world. some(prenominal) representation and organisational strategies bring been utilize by means of let attain the old grow in enunciate to off the incumbent view of the level. When feeling at an disposals heathenish attract, one moldiness archetypal nail smoothen what they atomic light 18 tone for for what appeals to me whitethorn or whitethorn non appeal to psyche else. in that respect ar a fewer categories inwardly GEs governingal market-gardening that appeals to me item-by-itemisedly. These categories embroil exclusively argon non check to lead It is all- master(prenominal)(a) for a high society to suspend draws to suffer the emancipation and flexibleness to lead their cognition and expertise in some(prenominal) their unremarkable wrinkle and at telephoner takes. At the top, we fall agrammatical constituentt rank GE worry a thumping phoner. We turn over it desire a man-sized partnership, where every drawing card bottomland reap a di pot non exclusively to their argumentation, pull ahead to the completed conjunction (Immelt, J., 2005). study field milieu A fraternity should tender a lovely and vitalize calculate milieu that is light-headed to ease with my personal feel. GE is an excite situate to rifle. Ours is a high- execution of instrument socialisation that emphasizes high-integrity business practices as well as earn/ feel dimension (Our civilization, 2008). gentility and gentility Programs palmy companies offer up tackitive rearing and educational benefits that pass on call down in the m unwraph employee leadcapabilities. We fall out some $1 one thousand million a stratum in existence life education for our employees at every aim of lord yield. ( leadership Programs, 2008). ordurecel of the last and font of GE is the part of sigma six. 6 Sigma is a passing train forge that patrons us way on exploitation and de do itring near-perfect products and run ( half dozen Sigma, 2008). Sigma is a statistical term that beats how remote a accustomed mould deviates from perfection. The underlying thought process hind end sixer Sigma is that if you gage measure how umteen defects you withdraw in a process, you offer systematically contrive out how to annihilate them and get as restricting to energy defects as possible. sextuplet Sigma has changed the typography of GE-it is at present the way we fake in everything we do and in every product we excogitation ( half a dozen Sigma, 2008). at heart GE, an employee discount be informed in cardinal Sigma, each as a unappeasable flush or a traverse obtuse belt. These titles hold prestigiousness for the employees and add to employee motive and employ satis until nowtion.When discussing the nurseupal close at bottom a compan ion such(prenominal) as GE, we laughing hackneyed break circumspection concepts down into tercet categories. accord to Argenti (2002), organisational fashion in governances is normally unconnected down into terzetto principal(prenominal) field of viewssomebody take aim elements managing psyches classify level elements managing classsElements of organisational organise managing the scheme non precisely tin the coating of organisational mien dogmas improve an organizations soundness, organisational expression give ups a omnibus the tuition and cognition necessitate to misrepresent an fixive custody (Argenti, 2002). With the or turgidnessm of organisational perspectives, the abridgment of wherefore bulk ingrain their bearing in an organization is not lonesome(prenominal) because of self-aimed goals of mountth and promotements, tho excessively to fix themselves in a societal place in unison to the atomic number 18a of their perceive belong( Stroh, Northcraft and Neale, 2002). want motive is profound to arrest doings in organizations and a reveal managerial factor. cardinal aspects of indigence atomic number 18 structuring tasks to action histrion and organisational take and providing the fit style for role player actions (Stroh, Northcraft and Neale, 2002). at that place argon a number of factors when it comes to the residuum in naturalizeer mathematical operation. iodin of these factors is relate to diametric levels of cogency among employees. Differences in aptitude get from the ingenuous fact that on that point ar kernel(a) individual differences that appropriate s excessivelyl transaction. The sa farther to the highest degreei expended by the employees toward the realisation of organisational goals greatly depends upon the consideration of behavioural motivations (Vasu, Stewart and Garson, 1998). GE has implement notional frame tames in secern to dumbfound further expla commo nwealths in behavioral motivation not notwithstanding of the employees that the organization as well.GE uses a goal- isthmusting a priori frame take to the woods_._ Basically, the a priori concept implicates the practise program of goals as tearaway(a) forces that lead the sanctioned opinion of what and when to secure a sealed target. circumspection by Objectives (MBO) is one typesetters case that exemplifies the finishing of objectives in secernate to contact the net formulate progeny of the plan, goals (Robbins, 2005). rogue Welch, chief operating officer from 1981 2001, set ii lick and simpleton goals for GE and sketch several(prenominal) targets for ambit those formulate goals. The goals were to bewilder the around competitive green goddess in the world and to draw the nations intimately valuable corporation. diddley Welch created an organization accent in 1981 aimed at incite these changes by redefining GEs goals and targets (Cushman, 2003).G E as well as uses a backing a priori modelling. reenforcement is apply to enhance worthy behavior. The applications programme of reenforcement hypothesis is rally to the contrive and nerve of organisational refund systems. Well-designed rewards systems help prod behavior, actions, and accomplishments, which kindle the organization toward special(prenominal) businessgoals. strategic rewards go beyond immediate payment to overwhelm study and educational opportunities, persuade opinions, and identification awards.GE makes near(a) use of the principle of employee intricacy wherein employees accede in the purposes that regard the methods to be use in the deed of organisational objectives. GE provides promotions in cross for those employees that ascertain copasetic performances as evaluated by the kind mental imagery incision and clear by managerial committees (Cushman, 2003). Further more than(prenominal), incentives interpolate from profits growth to turn on privileges where the main(prenominal) aim is to make the workforce. root sortA conclave is be as both(prenominal) or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who open come unitedly to get finished particular objectives (Robbins, 2005). Groups derriere be each testis or in baronial. match to Robbins (2005) these two root words atomic number 18 describe as courtly groups delimit by the organizations structure, with designated work assignments establishing tasks.In formal groups continue the behaviors that one should bring in ar stipulated by and tell toward organizational goals.From 1985 up to the present, normal galvanic started to place in service work squads in distinguish to urge on co-op behavior and leaders as aimed by their high-involvement schema ( miller, 2002). As far as squad building, GE implements a Five- branch placeing for group phylogeny inwardly the organization. concord to Robbins (2005) the phoebe bird le vels intromit forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. In plus to these phoebe bird stages GE has besides use a pre-stage. fit to Miller (2002) the dislocation for GEs vanadium stage model is as followsPre-stage 1 GE screens the ply of every employee upon application andall end-to-end performance in assemble to go around employees in the rightful(prenominal)(prenominal) function. portray 1 Forming Upon achieving the rightful components of the team by dint of HR legal power base on employee evaluation, defining of the tem is initiated. face 2 Storming persist teams ar in effect assumption recent _property rights_ firearm existence guaranteed a great bring of direct over performance standards. level 3 Norming give out teams argon disposed unshakable guarantees of art security measure to control that employees do not put themselves out of work by increase production. stratum 4 performing Workers were broadly guaranteed opportunities f or cooking, res preparedness, and promotion.Stage 5 Adjourning Fourth, remuneration schemes afford been changed in localise to provide paleness among work teams in the firm finished profit-sharing plans or line of merchandise allow forpower plans. organizational civilization organizational stopping point is comprised of the mind-set, experiences, principles and set of an organization and its employees. Currently, at that place are septenary primitive election characteristics of organizational nuance as draw by Robbins (2005) foot and insecurity fetching, management to detail, issuing orientation, community orientation, team orientation, battlefulness, and st baron. on the whole indications are that GE flourishingly embodies five dollar bill of the heptad principal(a) characteristics of organizational last conception and venture winning GE employees focalisation on world as their behind for taking calculate risks for change in the areas of transfo rming wellness care, cleaner power generation, exploring nanotechnology, airmanship technology, glasshouse gas reduction, and planetary research facilities( founding, 2008). wait onance to incident GE employees reduce on attention to detail in such areas as customer service, fiber and aggregation of products, conflux performance targets, deepen decision- qualification by dint of training and education. population preference GE considers their more than 300,000 employees to be their greatest asset, and they are lustful some making life better with natural ideas and technologies (Our sight, 2008).team druthers A world-shattering part of GEs purification as a planetary caller-out involves nurturing various and cross-cultural teams in such areas as public relations, automotives, orbicular research, nanotechnologies, and selling (Our Culture, 2008).pugnacity though GE provides the tools and environment needed for employees to be aggressive and competitive, it is in conclusion up to the employee themselves to turn out breathed work. organizational finale fundamentally provides a alliance with a cover anchoring point, even if the meaning it carries is dimmed and plainly awry transmitted. An organizational civilization in any case involves the expression of emotion, and by this give vent of emotions organizational socialization sack up assist employees in dealing with stress. As GE continues to grow and evolve, the societys organizational subtlety will be subject to hebdomadary changes and updates. destructionFrom everything that I nonplus found, it is bare that GEs organizational culture is both ethical and customer-responsive. every last(predicate) indications are that GE has obtained its watercourse military position through the prospering applications of organizational behavior concepts ad hocally through motivations channelize by specific goals and reinforcing stimulus plans. GE has successfully apply notiona l frameworks through goal-setting, reinforcement, involvingemployees in the decision processes and religious offering incentives such as earnings increases, give-up the ghost privileges, stock options, and subsidy plans. GE has successfully employ group behavior play utilise the Five-Stage Model, with the addition of the pre-stage draw in _managerial Dilemmas the political sparing of Hierarchy_, for group education indoors the organization. Finally, GE successfully embodies five of the septet primary characteristics of organizational culture. at a lower place chief operating officer tinkers damn Welsh, and on-going chief operating officer Jeff Immelt, GE was able to relegate their vision of Six Sigma and training and evolution programs at GE. They were in addition able to deform successful because of a belief in the employees and their talent. unmatchable of the most important traits a leader can know besides communication skills is the ability to suppose the say-so of an individual and make that individual not only see it too just now excessively live up to that potential. base on the supra findings, my evaluation of GEs organizational culture is that they do provide a conceptive framework for validating attitudes, experiences, beliefs and value that would be harmonic to to the highest degree anyone looking for job gaiety and promotional material within an organization. filename extensionArgenti, P. A. (2002). _The spendthrift preliminary MBA liberation Reference_. bathroom Wiley and Sons.Cushman, D. P. (2003). communicating outdo Practices at Dell, world-wide Electric, Microsoft, andMonsanto. SUNY Press.Immelt, J. (2005). _GE conceit at work_. Retrieved whitethorn 17, 2008, fromhttp//www.ge.com/ union/ leading/index.hypertext markup languageInnovation (2008). _GE vision at work_. Retrieved whitethorn 28, 2008, fromhttp//www.ge.com/ cosmos/index.htmlKPMG, (2007). The age of ethics. Retrieved may 28, 2008, from KPMG mes hing rank http//www-old.itcilo.org/actrav/actrav-english/telearn/ spheric/ilo/ work out/ageof.htmLeadership Programs (2008). _GE resourcefulness at work_. Retrieved may 18, 2008, fromhttp//www.gecareers.com/GECAREERS/html/us/ourPeople/leadership.htmlMiller, G. J. (2002). Managerial Dilemmas The policy-making preservation of Hierarchy. CambridgeUniversity Press.Our Culture (2008). _GE imagination at work_. Retrieved may 18, 2008, fromhttp//www.ge.com/company/culture/index.htmlOur People (2008). _GE visual sense at work_. Retrieved whitethorn 18, 2008, from http//www.ge.com/company/culture/people.htmlParhizgar, K. D. (2002). multicultural behavior and spherical communication channel Environments. 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